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The perils of polarisation for India's defence forces

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- Summoning hundreds of America's top military leaders from their posts worldwide, US President Donald Trump and secretary of war Pete Hegseth, harangued them in what is being inte... Read More


A new anti-India axis rising in the east

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- Never before in recent history has the world witnessed so much churning as in the last four years. The scenario around India too is no exception with unexpected developments taki... Read More


Broader reflections

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- The seminar organised by Lt Gen (Dr) PJS Pannu, with intellectual input from Mr. Shishir Priyadarshi and Mr. Sanjeev Chopra, was more than just a celebration. It also served as a... Read More


Strategic and tactical lessons

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- The 1965 war, revisited through the voices of veterans like Lt Gen Kamal Davar and Maj Billie Bedi, offers enduring lessons: * Operational readiness over bureaucratic caution. ... Read More


India-Pakistan as nuclear rivals

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- The nuclearisation of South Asia further complicates the landscape. India and Pakistan are often called "nuclear flashpoints," yet the global discourse rarely applies similar ter... Read More


Field Marshals and the Pakistani Psyche

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- Over the last six decades, Pakistan's military elite has consistently positioned itself as the saviour of the nation: Field Marshal Ayub Khan initiated the misadventure of 1965. ... Read More


The course of Battle: From Punjab to Hajipir

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- India responded decisively once provoked. On the night of 6/7 September 1965, formations crossed into Pakistani Punjab. 3 JAT, 15 Dogra and 13 Punjab, supported by the Scinde Hor... Read More


Political undercurrents in Pakistan

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- The war also coincided with political turmoil in Pakistan. Fatima Jinnah, sister of Pakistan's founder, contested the 1965 presidential elections against Ayub Khan. Although she ... Read More


Indian armour and air power: Numbers and limitations

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- At the cusp of 1965, the balance of armour and air power was stark: * Pakistan possessed 15 armoured regiments, bolstered by M-48 Patton tanks courtesy of its SEATO and CENTO al... Read More


Geopolitical Backdrop: Perceptions of weakness and miscalculation

New Delhi, Dec. 31 -- The perception of a weakened India significantly influenced Pakistan's decision to start the conflict in 1965. The 1962 debacle against China left scars on the Indian military an... Read More